I just found got word that my Environmental Justice class got the 2008 Robert E. Bryan Public Service Award. This award affirms that their is interest in society in doing 'the right thing.' Sometimes I feel no one cares anymore. Hearing this has provoked me to reread my end of semester reflection on that class. I have spent a little time adding to it and now I'd like to post it here. Enjoy!
(it is about 4000 words.)
The recent building proposal for
Greenbridge excited me when I read about it last semester. It is a high-density apartment housing project that will utilize green energy, including geo-thermal, solar and wind power. I thought this was very ideal and remembered back when I read the book
Cradle-to-Cradle. Those ideas sounded so progressive. Then I heard the cost: the minimum priced apartment, $300,000. But this didn't really deter me, I understood that green technology is expensive and thought it would be worth it because of the boon for the environment. Reading further one of the project team members, Tim Tobin, stated he believes it is important to show that you can be environmentally conscious while still making a profit. It was not until later that I found out from a local resident the apartment complex would wipe out low-income housing units, thereby displacing a community of poor African Americans that had been living there for a very long time. When viewing Greenbridge from the mainstream environmentalist's perspective it seemed like a great advance, but as I have become more knowledgeable I feel that I was initially lied to.
The environmental justice movement is more than just knowing the simple fact that green power is good; instead, it attempts to bring in the knowledge of those living in the community so that they may find creative solutions to address an issue from the fundamental level. In this way EJ firmly challenges the way in which we view the world. Environmental justice differs from the mainstream environmental movement with its focus on the realties of particular places and groups of people and not on external ideals of environmentalism.
The major problem I see with mainstream environmentalism is that government agencies, NGO's and other groups generally push for policy changes that come from the top down. This type of work leads to 'across the board' approaches, like lowering global CO2 emissions or saving the rain forests. Those working within these organizations may be very well intentioned individuals, but their status at the top of a white male hierarchical class inherently inhibits them from viewing environmental problems holistically.**site me** I realize more and more now, how guilty I have been at following this stereotype.
It seems obvious that lowering CO2 emissions through carbon trading and the use of hybrid-cars helps cut down the impact humans have on global warming. Unfortunately, these small reforms do nothing to change the destructive ways in which industrial societies live in this world, and in fact reinforce it. [Add research from Patrick Bond at http://www.carbontradewatch.org/durban/] To me the worst part is that when many of us buy Priuses today, we on some level think that we are changing the world.
“The Prius might be the most perfect white product ever. It’s expensive, gives the idea that you are helping the environment, and requires no commitment/changes other than money” (
http://stuffwhitepeoplelike.wordpress.com/2008/02/07/60-toyota-prius/).
Instead it is just an example of how the environmental movement has become commodified. Through commoditization the environmental movement has been inserted into the economic system, which still believes in infinite growth (in our world of finite resources). We need to move away from this 'industrialized utopia' way of thinking, and to do this it seems that those who are left out may be the best at viewing our world's problems (Freire).
I think of Environmental Justice as the voice for the oppressed class in our society. (I use Paulo Freire's notion of the oppressed here and throughout the paper. Oppression is part of an overall structure in which one group maintains the subjugation of another group or groups in the form of violence, marginalization, cultural imperialism, political dis empowerment, etc. Freire states that 'an act is oppressive only when it prevents people from being more fully human'). EJ at its most effective level should first come from the oppressed people themselves and secondly someone from outside working in solidarity can come in and help facilitate the oppressed's ability to regain their dignity. Given our elitist status as students in university we are for the most part 'those outside.'
When the Zapatista Army of National Liberation was founded, the mestizo members originally tried to talk about Marxism and Leninism to organize indigenous Mexicans in revolt. The response by the indigenous people was, 'shut up and listen' (Gloria Muñoz Ramirez, Campaign EZLN: The Fire and The Word)
We are not quite on the level involvement as the Zapatistas, but the power dynamics of insider vs. outsider are the same. Only once the 'elite' mestizos began to listen to the indigenous people, could a relationship of trust begin to form. Freire reaffirms that trust is paramount; “A real humanist can be identified more by his trust in the people, which engages him in their struggle, than by a thousand actions in their favor without that trust” (Freire). A person working in EJ should strive to be this 'real humanist.'
Listening to Gary Grant and Steve Wing opened my eyes at the extent to which issues of trust played a role between scientists and the research communities. It was from Gary Grant's own perspective and experience that he came out swinging and bashed the so-called 'public' university. Gary knows well that institutions like the University of North Carolina might not help him in the way he wanted (9/12/07). Gary Grant communicated a clear concern to Steve Wing when he was planning on researching hog waste for the
Concerned Citizens of Tillery. Steve Wing echoed Gary by writing, “the environmental justice movement has been led primarily by people of color, women and people who live in communities that are adversely affected by environmental problems created by industry and government, the very institutions that are closest to science”(Wing). This closeness to science creates a fundamental bias to much of the research because those who supply the funding largely dictate what will be researched. Even when a lot of money is not involved, there is such a push within university academics to research and write papers, that what researchers do within a community might just be focused on fulfilling that researcher's personal needs rather than helping the community. Research and interviews are conducted, and then those peoples knowledge and understandings are immediately exported out of the community for use in a research paper. Scientists get direct credit for this by an improved standing within the scientific and university community, but any help this has on the researched community itself takes a secondary position.
At one point Steve's research was challenged and those above him demanded that he release names and information of citizens whom he had ensured confidentiality. He explained that it would have been a huge blow for him to this community's trust, so he fought hard against pressure to release that information even to the point of risking his own job (9/17/07). If Steve Wing hadn't taken a holistic approach to this he might have quickly backed down to the pressure. But he knew for the community's sake their was a question as to whether he would continue to perpetuate a paternalistic relationship of experts over poorer people (not in those words but functionally so). At its core EJ is trying to foster relationships not born out of a paternalistic hierarchy, as it was from this hierarchy that many of these problems have originated.
Many environmental justice groups are battling against companies or industries that do in fact bring jobs into poor areas. This occidental focus on jobs, leads to the conclusion by many that 'bad jobs are better than no jobs' (especially within the discourse on globalization). During M
ac Legerton's lecture on sustainability he brought up an important distinction that we should make between jobs and livelihoods. In developing nations there is a large push to integrate the rural agrarian populations into more industrialized forms of labor in order to boost their economy. It is their view that this process will provide people with better jobs that compete on the global market and thereby lift their countries out of poverty. This is called 'progress,' but progress for whom? Instead human lives are being reshaped into commodities that can be bought and sold in the form of labor. They claim integration, but in practice it does not actually make society more whole. On the contrary it has become a process of assimilation that dehumanizes the population so that they will fit in designated slots.
A livelihood as defined by the World Book Dictionary edited by Robert K. Barnhart (1995) is 'a means of living; what is needed to support life.' From this definition Binayak Rajbhandari in his essay Sustainable Livelihood and Rural Development in South Asia writes that sustainable livelihood “is perceived as people or communities engaged in meeting individual and collective needs in an environmentally responsible way” (Rajbhandari). This conceptual difference allows for the individual or collective to become an agent for their own change. In this way the EJ movement stipulates that the oppressed group will no longer be left to wait for the government to respond to their voices. In Environmental Justice their voices are the change itself. This is the difference between a movement based in pro-active change and one based in a reflexive reform of current systems. ** I need to add something here***
During Carla Norwood's class discussion she explained some of the methods they used to bring the town together to talk about the issue of land use. In typical hearings with local representatives the individual citizen does not get much time to get their point across. They had what she called a 'deliberative democracy' which forced the people involved to think on their feet thereby allowing for a truer debate. Political debates are generally framed within a structure that just leads to people regurgitating what they have said in the past over and over again. Those debates really seem useless since no new ideas are brought up, and no one is forced to think critically. After attending these community based meetings, there was an overwhelming sense of empowerment of the town's citizens. They would no longer stand by as policy was made, they now felt the need to express themselves publicly.
The Frontline video “Global Dumping Ground” highlighted very clearly the problem of having one standard of environmentalism. From the US government's standpoint exporting toxics to be bought and 'taken care of' by a Taiwanese company was 'a good thing' (Frontline). Even when they found out that lead acid batteries being recycled in Taiwan were having detrimental effects on the people living nearby, the US government stated that if the Taiwanese government attempted to limit imports it would be a violation of free trade (Frontline). Those who make the laws get to decide what's right and wrong within that system of laws. Environmental Justice not only challenges the laws that were written and writes new laws, but also asks the question of 'what is justice.' From this question comes a multitude of answers. Set in particular places and cultures the environmental justice movement is an attempt to integrate (in its true definition) the world's people so that together we may become more fully human.
At first I was a little bit hesitant about signing up for the CCA group because of its heavy emphasis on research. I soon found out that research did not always mean spending long boring hours at Davis Library. When it came down to it, the research I performed for Mac and the Center for Community Action did not really feel much like work, so much as uncovering a story. The interviews we conducted allowed me to practice whatever communication skills I had thought I had. It turned out that I could be almost just as comfortable sitting down and interviewing people of Robeson county as I was with most anyone else. I started to get familiar with how to ask questions in ways that not only got a response but kept the interviewee comfortable at the same time. At certain points the interviews felt much more open and comfortable than many of the interactions that I typically had with people. It was like the presence of the microphone created this space around it that was separate from normal reality. (The danger is of course allowing the microphone take over, where it seems to force people to talk in front of it, kind of like in an interrogation). In this case it served as a catalyst to allow me to embrace what I was doing here and now and be more myself communicating from the heart. And I think when this happens the interviewee can really start to feel it and become comfortable telling his or her story. (It becomes as a co-performance) Sometimes her or she may find themselves telling confessing to the microphone things that he or she would never tell someone else. Now, in actuality it did not pan out nearly as well as that, but I felt like I got the sense of where I should be going for interviews in the future. In this way I believe I was learning on the edge of experience, the best way possible according to Mac.
Richard Regan started telling his disappointments and what were his hopes for CCA back at the time after they defeated GSX. He sincerely hoped that this would progress into a social movement of environmental progress in the area that would allow them to go after the local polluters. That empty spot inside him where he wanted to do more, eventually led to him leaving Lumberton to take a position with the USDA in Washington, D.C. This detail really was not a part of the story that Mac had in mind for us researching the GSX campaign, but it was one that has truly stuck in my mind since. I was thinking inside, “Wow, this is it, this is why I came here.” It was one of those moments where my mind finally stopped judging myself for a little while and instead I could feel 'this is exactly where I want to be, this is real.'
The community partnership allowed us to start to see outside of our narrow point of interaction with the world. When I drive back down to Wilmington to visit my hometown, I cross a section of highway that all of a sudden gives me a whiff of nasty hog waste. I did not have to live with that smell for any period of my life, but I realize now that people do and that 'it doesn't start smelling like roses if you smell it long enough.' Looking back I wonder what I was so caught up in that I did not question these things before. To put it plainly, I never had to consider it, and even now I still don't have to really think about it; I could probably live my whole life working in even a human rights job without understanding what it is to be poor or to be oppressed. The service aspect of this class has brought me uncomfortably close to reality, and it is at this point that I have to make a decision. Do I go on living my life in denial so that I may continue to do the things I want to do, or do I dive in and immerse myself in reality and discover who I really am? Other classes attempt to do this in a more theoretical sense, but if we always spend our time living in the clouds then we will always be looking at things from far away, where everything looks perfect. (not perfect in a good way, but perfect information where everything is clearly definable/measurable). We learn facts about that world that we can answer if given to us on a test, or even in conversation; but these facts never become a part of us. This class facilitated a pathway for us to live what we were learning. (again, this is co-performance) So now, if I forget what I learned this semester it is the same as me forgetting who I am.
I'd like to emphasize that this class was much more than just an APPLES course. The idea of service-learning in name is one thing, but you really cannot construct a learning experience such as this. I'd like to reiterate Brandon's comment that it was learning without feeling like you were learning. Sometimes I think that it is sad that so many people are convinced by society that the university is the 'only place to learn.' That would be a horrible premise in itself, because not everyone can attend university. So instead of providing education to the betterment of society, the university in effect divides it into the haves and have-nots. It has become hegemonic to those of us who graduate a university (the learned) to think down upon those who did not (the unlearned). Thinking of your class now, I feel like we were creating a counter-
hegemony (in the Gramscian sense). To do that it took more than us just following the procedure for 'how to do an APPLES course,' to do that each of us had to completely engage in what we were doing and feel that what we were doing mattered.
Since our first class meeting I don't think I have changed so much as found out more of who I am. This class helped me further breakdown assumptions that I had been making about the world. By becoming free of more and more assumptions I am more able to make free choices and I am not hung up in following something because I think it may be true. These assumptions form the walls of hegemonic discourse and although I have not exited this discourse, I am able to see more and more of its walls. Once aware of their existence I can start to change them. I think one of the biggest realizations I made came out of Gary's visit. As a progressive minded individual I thought confidently that I was not racist, but Gary facilitated my discovery that I have in fact been racist my whole life. Since I live in a society based in white supremacy, I can never really not be racist at the fundamental level. From now knowing this I can begin to be anti-racist and fight against the symptoms of racism within society. **(it's not quite that simple)**
In this way this class constantly brought up questions to how things were done in our country, and then I would look in the mirror and start to ask these same questions of myself. This constant questioning has really only brought more questions with no clear answers. At first this could make the world seem hopeless, because we are searching for the solution or the answer that we can go with and help the world. But this brings up something very important, we as individuals should not be putting the whole burden of saving the world on our shoulders as this will only set us up to fail. Looking to do the right thing, may not bring us happiness. And I ask how can we change the world to something better if we ourselves are not happy? We must have a revolution with dancing, that combines what we want and like to do now with complete awareness of how this affects this particular place and the world as a whole. From this we will live with hope and love in our hearts and start coming up with creative solutions of how to change the world in this particular place in time.
So how does this class relate to all of this? I guess in the past I kind of thought it was impossible to do any of this while in the university setting (I still partly do). In bringing the reality into the dream world of the university, I guess I'm beginning to think anything is possible. I may have not had as great a time this semester as in spring, but as I think about it now I'm distinctly more comfortable. I don't feel that strong urge to run away and go abroad in order to 'truly' experience life. Before I equated my time now to purgatory and that I am just spending my time passively until I really find something I want to do in life. In addition to changing that feeling for me at University it also made me realize what amazing things are being done here in North Carolina that challenge or could potentially challenge hegemony. Mac embodied this the most for me and he not only does it when you look at 'what' he does, but also 'how' he does it. This brings me to the topic of love.
I don't think I've felt as much love in this class as I have for any other. I mean I know I haven't. I could feel this everywhere, from the guest speakers, from all the students, and from you. So if anyone asks you how you put on such a great class, respond with... love, pure unselfish love.
Maybe this was able to happen since there were so many women in this class; I definitely feel that women are stronger and more ferocious supporters of social change. I guess that's why I tried to become a woman for a day, I was trying to get that extra insight that I was missing as a male. But to clear that up, your class has not made me do something as drastic as change to a woman (not yet).
Logistically speaking, I completely gave up any notions I had of being an environmental studies major. I was leaning towards changing but taking your class allowed me to see how myopic ENST classes were in comparison. So I thank you, for helping me to shuffle up my life a bit more... like I needed that.
On another note I made a discovery, I think mostly because of your class. One day while taking a shower I realized that what I needed and what I wanted were one in the same. This is different than the wanting that you feel when society tells you this job, these shoes, or that girl will bring you happiness. (
Ze Frank* Help me find this episode!) This is about following that feeling you have inside, and knowing that it is part of you and when you follow it you are more yourself and when you are more yourself you are generally more happy or content. The work I was doing for your class, I did not 'need' to do any of it I could have left school and done something else at any time. Instead I wanted to do it I felt something inside for what I was saying or writing or reading, these were things I wanted to say. Knowing this I knew these things were things I needed to do, because if I did not do them I would feel like I was not fully embracing the feeling I had inside.
I think your class helped me feel like I have a home in the U.S.A. again or more so than I have ever felt before. I realized that the magic that exists outside the country exists here too, you just have to look a lot harder. Its hard to say during this stressful period of time right now, but 'I love who I have become.' Thank you.
Reference Material
Wing, Steve. “Environmental Justice, Science, and Public Health”
Essays on the Future of Environmental Health Research
Rajbhandari, Binayak. Sustainable Livelihood and Rural Development in South Asia: Issues, Concerns, and General Implications. Globalising Rural Development. New Delhi: 2006
Global Dumping Ground: Frontline Special. Producer: Lowell Bergman. Oct. 02, 1990
Freire, Paulo. “Pedagogy of the Oppressed” Chapter 1. 1993
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